What is blood donation?i guess lot of ppl will not voluntarily donate their blood to other ppl,they will think why i hav to donate my blood to others?why i hav to suffer n feel pain for the big needle which is inserted into my vein?blood donation sounds scary!!!but hav u ever think of if u r the person who needs blood transfusion for survival.will u think those ppl r selfish?r cruel?as they r not willing to give u "life".
Donate money is equal to give food to others
Donate blood is equal to give life to others
Do u agree with me?
Blood Donation
You are eligible to donate blood if
You are in good health today
You are between 18 to 60 years of age
Your weight is above 45 kg
You had more than 5 hours of sleep
You are free from any medical problems: e.g. high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, operation < 6 months etc
You have not taken any antibiotics in the last one week
You are not pregnant or just delivered
You have taken breakfast or light lunch before donating blood
You are not involved in any of the following activities:
Homosexual relationship
Bisexual relationship
Multiple sexual partners
Having sexual contact with those mentioned above
Drug abuse
Interval between your last donation is more than 3 months
Dont be afraid to donate ur blood,300 cc of blood might help a lot of ppl.
where should u go for the blood donation?there r lot blood donation campaign been held in public area such as scl,universities,shopping mall.u may go to the nearest government hospital for the blood donation.the nurses n doctors will explain the detail about blood donation-criteria,procedures,complication and benefit.
wed-10/9/08-my 2nd donation
Saturday, September 13, 2008
Friday, August 29, 2008
day after exam
cns-central nervous system
we need to use occipital lobe for reading the notes n books,looking at the small small tiny tiny words,read n read,memorize n memorize for the exam,consolidation of short term memory to long term memory is not easy,i just hope my working memory will help me during the exam.study day to nite,nite to day,for passing exam,as seniors said lot ppl will fail cns paper.work hard for it,hope tht can get through,right now exam is over,im able to sleep well,not study from 5am to the next day n go for exam.
brain is awesome
divided into
forebrain-cerebral hemisphere
-thalamus,metathalamus,hypothalamus,epithalamus,subthalamus
midbrain-tectum,cerebral pedunce
hindbrain-pons,cerebellum
-medulla
all of them hav different role n communicate well with each other for the higher function of our body
we need cerebrum cortex-motor cortex (Area 4)for plan n initiate voluntary movement,but we do need cerebellum for coordinate the movement,so tht we can get smooth n coordinated movement,not a jerky movement or overshooting movement.
there is 2 speech areas,Broca Area n Wernicke Area,
Broca's area is motor speech area
Wernicke's are is sensory speech area
so lecturer ask us,where lesion is better if it hav to be involve one of the speech area.Broca lesion?Wernicke lesion?
to lose motor speech function is better or sensory speech function?
Broca aphasia-can understand but cant speak the words
Wernicke aphasia-can speak long sentences but without meaning,as lose the perception n interpretation function of speech
um if for me,i think i will choose broca aphasia,as i still can write it out wt i want to say.but however,i hope both of them function well in me.haha
time for me to watch drama,enjoy few days holiday after the exam,coz next exam is coming soon..haha
long time didnt chat with ann,this morning can chat with her,so happy..chat wt we r going to do by the time she come back,talked about lv,gucci..surfing their website,checking the latest goodies..
found out,this is nice
we need to use occipital lobe for reading the notes n books,looking at the small small tiny tiny words,read n read,memorize n memorize for the exam,consolidation of short term memory to long term memory is not easy,i just hope my working memory will help me during the exam.study day to nite,nite to day,for passing exam,as seniors said lot ppl will fail cns paper.work hard for it,hope tht can get through,right now exam is over,im able to sleep well,not study from 5am to the next day n go for exam.
brain is awesome
divided into
forebrain-cerebral hemisphere
-thalamus,metathalamus,hypothalamus,epithalamus,subthalamus
midbrain-tectum,cerebral pedunce
hindbrain-pons,cerebellum
-medulla
all of them hav different role n communicate well with each other for the higher function of our body
we need cerebrum cortex-motor cortex (Area 4)for plan n initiate voluntary movement,but we do need cerebellum for coordinate the movement,so tht we can get smooth n coordinated movement,not a jerky movement or overshooting movement.
there is 2 speech areas,Broca Area n Wernicke Area,
Broca's area is motor speech area
Wernicke's are is sensory speech area
so lecturer ask us,where lesion is better if it hav to be involve one of the speech area.Broca lesion?Wernicke lesion?
to lose motor speech function is better or sensory speech function?
Broca aphasia-can understand but cant speak the words
Wernicke aphasia-can speak long sentences but without meaning,as lose the perception n interpretation function of speech
um if for me,i think i will choose broca aphasia,as i still can write it out wt i want to say.but however,i hope both of them function well in me.haha
time for me to watch drama,enjoy few days holiday after the exam,coz next exam is coming soon..haha
long time didnt chat with ann,this morning can chat with her,so happy..chat wt we r going to do by the time she come back,talked about lv,gucci..surfing their website,checking the latest goodies..
found out,this is nice
Louis Vuitton Monogram Mini Lin Manon Handbag-monogram pm
why gals like LV?Prada?Gucci?Hermes?we should find out......
Monday, August 18, 2008
AIMST University
Monday August 18, 2008 ( thestar.com.my)
Partner ICT firms to design relevant courses, says Pak Lah
SUNGAI PETANI: AIMST University should collaborate with leading ICT companies in Kulim High Tech Park to tailor its curriculum to meet industry needs.
“I believe the proximity of AIMST and the park should be exploited for mutual benefit,” said Prime Minister Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi yesterday.
At the opening of university’s new campus at Semeling, Bedong, yesterday, Abdullah said AIMST could build a strong reputation for producing software engineers and business process outsourcing professionals which the nation needed urgently.
AIMST, formerly known as Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, is a private university formed by Maju Institute of Educational Development, the MIC education arm, on March 15, 2001. It was conferred university status in April last year. Its first campus was set up in Aman Jaya here in 24 three-storey shoplots.
The university has 2,300 undergraduates pursuing Bachelor’s degree courses in medicine and health sciences, dentistry, engineering and computer technology, applied sciences and business and management
Abdullah said the opening of the university marked the completion of Malaysia’s educational development phase where five private colleges were chosen to become universities.
“I believe AIMST can play a leading role in developing skilled human capital in the medical, scientific and technological fields that would benefit Malaysia and the world.”
“The university, which cater for all, is evidence that Malaysians could stand united as one and not be divided by racial or ethnic lines.”
Abdullah said the Government would continue to lend support to ensure AIMST achieved its mission.
MIC president Datuk Seri S. Samy Vellu said the idea to build a university was mooted when he noticed that many qualified students were not given places in public universities.
AIMST chairman Tan Sri Dr K. Ampikaipakan said the university was given the approval last week to conduct PhD courses in biotechnology, adding that it had the nation’s first private dental hospital with 125 dental chairs.
Partner ICT firms to design relevant courses, says Pak Lah
SUNGAI PETANI: AIMST University should collaborate with leading ICT companies in Kulim High Tech Park to tailor its curriculum to meet industry needs.
“I believe the proximity of AIMST and the park should be exploited for mutual benefit,” said Prime Minister Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi yesterday.
At the opening of university’s new campus at Semeling, Bedong, yesterday, Abdullah said AIMST could build a strong reputation for producing software engineers and business process outsourcing professionals which the nation needed urgently.
AIMST, formerly known as Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, is a private university formed by Maju Institute of Educational Development, the MIC education arm, on March 15, 2001. It was conferred university status in April last year. Its first campus was set up in Aman Jaya here in 24 three-storey shoplots.
The university has 2,300 undergraduates pursuing Bachelor’s degree courses in medicine and health sciences, dentistry, engineering and computer technology, applied sciences and business and management
Abdullah said the opening of the university marked the completion of Malaysia’s educational development phase where five private colleges were chosen to become universities.
“I believe AIMST can play a leading role in developing skilled human capital in the medical, scientific and technological fields that would benefit Malaysia and the world.”
“The university, which cater for all, is evidence that Malaysians could stand united as one and not be divided by racial or ethnic lines.”
Abdullah said the Government would continue to lend support to ensure AIMST achieved its mission.
MIC president Datuk Seri S. Samy Vellu said the idea to build a university was mooted when he noticed that many qualified students were not given places in public universities.
AIMST chairman Tan Sri Dr K. Ampikaipakan said the university was given the approval last week to conduct PhD courses in biotechnology, adding that it had the nation’s first private dental hospital with 125 dental chairs.
AIMST UNIVERSITY
NEW LIFE NEW BEAT
Friday, August 8, 2008
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease
my next pbl topic is about the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.
before knowing the pathology, we should understand the physiology of basal ganglia-substansia nigra and dopamine,which are deficient in case of parkinsonism.
Basal Ganglia Neurochemistry
Within the basal ganglia, various chemical substances play a central role in movement disorders, specifically Parkinson's disease. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit nerve impulses across a space (or synapse) from one nerve to another. When a neurotransmitter is released from a nerve ending and crosses the synapse, it then connects to specialized cells, called receptors, on the receiving nerve ending, or neuron. The reaction caused by the neurotransmitter on the receiving nerve ending often depends on the type of receptor it attaches to. For example, if the neurotransmitter, dopamine, attaches to a D1 receptor, it will serve to inhibit the impulse on the receiving nerve. If it attaches to a D2 receptor, dopamine will serve to excite action within the receiving nerve cell. Some neurotransmitters always cause either an inhibitory or an excitatory response on receiving nerves.
before knowing the pathology, we should understand the physiology of basal ganglia-substansia nigra and dopamine,which are deficient in case of parkinsonism.
Basal Ganglia Neurochemistry
Within the basal ganglia, various chemical substances play a central role in movement disorders, specifically Parkinson's disease. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit nerve impulses across a space (or synapse) from one nerve to another. When a neurotransmitter is released from a nerve ending and crosses the synapse, it then connects to specialized cells, called receptors, on the receiving nerve ending, or neuron. The reaction caused by the neurotransmitter on the receiving nerve ending often depends on the type of receptor it attaches to. For example, if the neurotransmitter, dopamine, attaches to a D1 receptor, it will serve to inhibit the impulse on the receiving nerve. If it attaches to a D2 receptor, dopamine will serve to excite action within the receiving nerve cell. Some neurotransmitters always cause either an inhibitory or an excitatory response on receiving nerves.
The following are the neurotransmitters that involved:
Dopamine
- dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is critical to the regulation of movement and reward related behaviours. Adrenaline is a derivative of dopamine. A decrease in dopamine levels is associated with Parkinson’s disease.
GABA
Glutamate
Substance P
Endorphins
Acetylcholine
Dopamine Production
In a healthy brain, dopamine is produced from levodopa (L-DOPA), which is itself produced from tyrosine, through interaction with the enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase. Other enzymes also interact with L-DOPA and with dopamine
Dopamine Transmission
The basal ganglia and the cerebellum transmit information via the thalamus to the cerebral cortex in order to regulate movement. In a healthy brain, the neurons based in the substantia nigra extend into the putamen and caudate (which both comprise the striatum). These cells release dopamine in the striatum, which modulates neuronal activity. As a result, this affects the performance of movements as well as a variety of other behaviors.
Movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease are conditions that involve changes in the basal ganglia and its associated structures. Basal ganglia disorders are typically due to neurotransmitter changes that affect the output of the striatum into the globus pallidus as well as into the thalamus and cerebral cortex beyond.
Dopamine
- dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is critical to the regulation of movement and reward related behaviours. Adrenaline is a derivative of dopamine. A decrease in dopamine levels is associated with Parkinson’s disease.
GABA
Glutamate
Substance P
Endorphins
Acetylcholine
Dopamine Production
In a healthy brain, dopamine is produced from levodopa (L-DOPA), which is itself produced from tyrosine, through interaction with the enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase. Other enzymes also interact with L-DOPA and with dopamine
Dopamine Transmission
The basal ganglia and the cerebellum transmit information via the thalamus to the cerebral cortex in order to regulate movement. In a healthy brain, the neurons based in the substantia nigra extend into the putamen and caudate (which both comprise the striatum). These cells release dopamine in the striatum, which modulates neuronal activity. As a result, this affects the performance of movements as well as a variety of other behaviors.
Movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease are conditions that involve changes in the basal ganglia and its associated structures. Basal ganglia disorders are typically due to neurotransmitter changes that affect the output of the striatum into the globus pallidus as well as into the thalamus and cerebral cortex beyond.
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease
In Parkinson's disease, there is a breakdown in the connection between the neurons in the substantia nigra and the putamen portion of the striatum. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease appear after 60% - 80% of these cells become impaired or die. It is not specifically the loss of the cells that causes the disease, but rather the decrease in dopamine, which occurs with the decreased number of substantia nigra neurons. This results in abnormal activity in the putamen, causing the primary features of the disease. Typically, symptoms appear after striatal dopamine levels have decreased by 20% - 50% of normal levels.
When substantia nigra projections to the putamen have been impaired, the globus pallidus interna and subthalamic nucleus begin to function abnormally. The result is that the brain is no longer able to sufficiently control motor function.
Parkinson's Disease Brain
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a type of nuclear study that involves the administration of a variety of radioactive chemicals that can be detected by sensitive cameras. For Parkinson's disease, Fluorodopa PET Scanning is used. This technique employs a radioactive compound called fluorodopa (or F-dopa), which is taken up into the terminal branches of dopamine nerve cells in the striatum.
As noticed in the normal brain, two bright 'commas' indicate a pattern of normal F-dopa uptake into numerous healthy striatal neurons.
Compare this to the brain of an individual with Parkinson's disease. Due to a loss of dopamine-projecting nerve cells, less F-dopa has been taken up into the striatum, which appears smaller and less bright.
Notice also that one side appears more severely affected in the Parkinson's disease brain, which is relatively common. This corresponds to a difference in symptoms between the two sides of the individual's body. Generally, symptoms of Parkinson's disease appear first on one side of the body (opposite the side of the brain experiencing the greater loss of dopamine cells). Subsequently, the individual develops symptoms on the other side as well.
Postmortem Look
The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease is the presence of Lewy Bodies in pigmented neurons of the substantia nigra. Technically, Lewy Bodies are intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions that are found within neurons, and which themselves are composed of a variety of proteins including ubiquitin and alpha-synuclein. ('Eosinophilic' refers to the fact that Lewy Bodies are stained when biologists use the stain, eosin, to study tissue and visualize cells within.)
In addition to Parkinson's disease, postmortem brain studies have shown that Lewy Bodies are also associated with other neurological diseases such as familial Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and others.
In Parkinson's disease, there is a breakdown in the connection between the neurons in the substantia nigra and the putamen portion of the striatum. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease appear after 60% - 80% of these cells become impaired or die. It is not specifically the loss of the cells that causes the disease, but rather the decrease in dopamine, which occurs with the decreased number of substantia nigra neurons. This results in abnormal activity in the putamen, causing the primary features of the disease. Typically, symptoms appear after striatal dopamine levels have decreased by 20% - 50% of normal levels.
When substantia nigra projections to the putamen have been impaired, the globus pallidus interna and subthalamic nucleus begin to function abnormally. The result is that the brain is no longer able to sufficiently control motor function.
Parkinson's Disease Brain
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a type of nuclear study that involves the administration of a variety of radioactive chemicals that can be detected by sensitive cameras. For Parkinson's disease, Fluorodopa PET Scanning is used. This technique employs a radioactive compound called fluorodopa (or F-dopa), which is taken up into the terminal branches of dopamine nerve cells in the striatum.
As noticed in the normal brain, two bright 'commas' indicate a pattern of normal F-dopa uptake into numerous healthy striatal neurons.
Compare this to the brain of an individual with Parkinson's disease. Due to a loss of dopamine-projecting nerve cells, less F-dopa has been taken up into the striatum, which appears smaller and less bright.
Notice also that one side appears more severely affected in the Parkinson's disease brain, which is relatively common. This corresponds to a difference in symptoms between the two sides of the individual's body. Generally, symptoms of Parkinson's disease appear first on one side of the body (opposite the side of the brain experiencing the greater loss of dopamine cells). Subsequently, the individual develops symptoms on the other side as well.
Postmortem Look
The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease is the presence of Lewy Bodies in pigmented neurons of the substantia nigra. Technically, Lewy Bodies are intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions that are found within neurons, and which themselves are composed of a variety of proteins including ubiquitin and alpha-synuclein. ('Eosinophilic' refers to the fact that Lewy Bodies are stained when biologists use the stain, eosin, to study tissue and visualize cells within.)
In addition to Parkinson's disease, postmortem brain studies have shown that Lewy Bodies are also associated with other neurological diseases such as familial Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and others.
Friday, June 13, 2008
Influenza virus
Very unlucky, i hav been chosen for the second viva, everyone after the last paper is going back home, but i hav to stay back in sp n go for second viva, last year i also went for the second viva, it was scary,as there will be around ten lecturers from different department, they will ask lots of questions, ya this year-year2, i went for it again, there r 7 lecturers. One of our favourite lecturer- Dr Rajesh, he asked me about the influenza vaccine.What is the route of it? Ok,i think i didnt answer it well. The answer should be as follow:
A vaccine is an inoculation designed to increase immunity against a specific disease. The influenza vaccine is an annual vaccine to protect against the highly variable influenza virus.
A vaccine is an inoculation designed to increase immunity against a specific disease. The influenza vaccine is an annual vaccine to protect against the highly variable influenza virus.
Flu vaccines are available both as an injection of killed virus (or flu shot) and as nasal spray of live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) (sold as FluMist in the US). Flumist is not recommended for individuals under age 2 or over age 50.
Yearly influenza vaccination should be routinely offered to patients at risk of complications of influenza:
the elderly (UK recommendation is those aged 65 or above)
patients with chronic lung diseases (asthma, COPD, etc.)
patients with chronic heart diseases (congenital heart disease, chronic heart failure, ischaemic heart disease)
patients with chronic liver diseases (including liver cirrhosis)
patients who are immunosuppressed (those with HIV or who are receiving drugs to suppress the immune system such as chemotherapy and long-term steroids) and their household contacts
all people who are institutionalized in an environment where influenza can spread rapidly, such as in prisons or nursing homes
healthcare workers (both to prevent sickness and to prevent spread to patients)
pregnant women
Sunday, April 27, 2008
??朋友＋情人??
朋友＋情人...????
你心中有這樣的一個人嗎？
你們可能相愛過，你們也可能喜歡著彼此，
但是，為了什麼原因你們沒能在一起？
也許他為了朋友之間的義氣，
不能追你也許為了顧及家人的意見 ，你們沒有在一起。
也許為了出國深造，他沒有要你等他。
也許你們相遇太早，還不懂得珍惜對方。
也許你們相遇太晚，你們身邊已經有了另一個人。
也許你回頭太遲，對方已不再等待。
也許你們彼此在捉摸對方的心，而遲遲無法跨出界線。
不過即使你們沒在一起，你們還是保持了朋友的關係。
但是你們心底清楚，對這個人，你比朋友還多了一份關心。
即使不能跟他名正言順的牽著手逛街，你們還是可以做無所不談的朋友。
他有喜歡的人，你口頭上會幫他追，心裡卻不是很清楚，你是不是真的希望他追到。
他遇到困難時，你會盡你所能的幫他，不會計較誰又欠了誰。
男女朋友吃醋了，你會安撫他們說你和他只是朋友，但你心中會有那麼一絲的不確定。
每個人這輩子，心中都有過這麼一個特別的朋友，?
一開始你不甘心只做朋友的，但久了，突然發現這樣最好。
你寧願這樣關心他，總好過你們在一起而有天會分手。
你寧願做他的朋友，彼此不會吃醋，才可以真的無所不談。
特別是這樣，你還是知道，他永遠會關心你的。
做不成男女朋友，當他那個特別的朋友，有什麼不好呢？
你(妳)心中的這個特別的朋友...?
是誰呢？
很多的感情，都因為一廂情願，最後連朋友都當不成了，常常覺得惋惜，可惜一些本來很好的友情，最後卻因為對方的一句喜歡你，如果你沒有反應，這一段友情似乎也難以維持下去，這也難怪有些人會因此不肯踏出這一步。
因為這就像是一場賭注，表白了之後不是成了男女朋友，要不就連朋友都當不成了。
有些事不是你能預料的，或許對方不在意，你們還可以是朋友，但卻已經不如從前的好。
也是可惜，也是遺憾！但還有沒有可能是另一種情況，你可能永遠都不甘心只是朋友！
got this from jy's blog
你心中有這樣的一個人嗎？
你們可能相愛過，你們也可能喜歡著彼此，
但是，為了什麼原因你們沒能在一起？
也許他為了朋友之間的義氣，
不能追你也許為了顧及家人的意見 ，你們沒有在一起。
也許為了出國深造，他沒有要你等他。
也許你們相遇太早，還不懂得珍惜對方。
也許你們相遇太晚，你們身邊已經有了另一個人。
也許你回頭太遲，對方已不再等待。
也許你們彼此在捉摸對方的心，而遲遲無法跨出界線。
不過即使你們沒在一起，你們還是保持了朋友的關係。
但是你們心底清楚，對這個人，你比朋友還多了一份關心。
即使不能跟他名正言順的牽著手逛街，你們還是可以做無所不談的朋友。
他有喜歡的人，你口頭上會幫他追，心裡卻不是很清楚，你是不是真的希望他追到。
他遇到困難時，你會盡你所能的幫他，不會計較誰又欠了誰。
男女朋友吃醋了，你會安撫他們說你和他只是朋友，但你心中會有那麼一絲的不確定。
每個人這輩子，心中都有過這麼一個特別的朋友，?
一開始你不甘心只做朋友的，但久了，突然發現這樣最好。
你寧願這樣關心他，總好過你們在一起而有天會分手。
你寧願做他的朋友，彼此不會吃醋，才可以真的無所不談。
特別是這樣，你還是知道，他永遠會關心你的。
做不成男女朋友，當他那個特別的朋友，有什麼不好呢？
你(妳)心中的這個特別的朋友...?
是誰呢？
很多的感情，都因為一廂情願，最後連朋友都當不成了，常常覺得惋惜，可惜一些本來很好的友情，最後卻因為對方的一句喜歡你，如果你沒有反應，這一段友情似乎也難以維持下去，這也難怪有些人會因此不肯踏出這一步。
因為這就像是一場賭注，表白了之後不是成了男女朋友，要不就連朋友都當不成了。
有些事不是你能預料的，或許對方不在意，你們還可以是朋友，但卻已經不如從前的好。
也是可惜，也是遺憾！但還有沒有可能是另一種情況，你可能永遠都不甘心只是朋友！
got this from jy's blog
Saturday, March 29, 2008
他与她
看了感人的剧情，
想起了男主角和女主角，
他与她的故事，
他的付出，
他的关怀，
她的冷漠，
她的无情，
他与她的开始，
是因为相爱？
是因为怜爱？
是因为喜欢？
是因为没有讨厌？
爱是幸福的，
被爱是快乐的，
不爱与被爱的结合，是快乐？是幸福？
他选择爱，她选择被爱，
他找到幸福了，他洋溢微笑，
她以为被爱是快乐的，但她懂了，
世上没有完美与美满的以为，
她会学习，她会尝试，
剧情的结束？是开怀大笑？是眼眶落泪？
看了就会晓得。。。。。
想起了男主角和女主角，
他与她的故事，
他的付出，
他的关怀，
她的冷漠，
她的无情，
他与她的开始，
是因为相爱？
是因为怜爱？
是因为喜欢？
是因为没有讨厌？
爱是幸福的，
被爱是快乐的，
不爱与被爱的结合，是快乐？是幸福？
他选择爱，她选择被爱，
他找到幸福了，他洋溢微笑，
她以为被爱是快乐的，但她懂了，
世上没有完美与美满的以为，
她会学习，她会尝试，
剧情的结束？是开怀大笑？是眼眶落泪？
看了就会晓得。。。。。
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